Gynaecological Cancers

Gynaecological cancers arise in the female reproductive organs and include cervical, ovarian, uterine (endometrial), vaginal, and vulvar cancers. Cervical cancer remains one of the most common cancers among Indian women, despite being largely preventable through HPV vaccination and screening.

Common signs and symptoms

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding — between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause
• Persistent abdominal bloating, pain, or a feeling of fullness
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Pelvic pain or pressure

Ovarian cancer in particular often causes only vague symptoms in its early stages, so persistent new symptoms deserve evaluation.

Diagnosis

Evaluation depends on the suspected site and may include pelvic examination, ultrasound, CT/MRI, tumour markers (such as CA-125), Pap smear and HPV testing for cervical disease, and biopsy for confirmation. Genetic testing (such as BRCA1/2) is recommended for many women with ovarian cancer, as it affects both treatment and family screening.

Treatment

Treatment combines surgery, radiation, and systemic therapy depending on the cancer type and stage. The medical oncologist’s role includes:

• Chemotherapy — a cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment and used across gynaecological cancers, before or after surgery or with radiation
• Targeted therapy — such as PARP inhibitors for BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer and anti-angiogenic agents
• Immunotherapy — for selected cervical and endometrial cancers, guided by biomarkers

Preventive care matters too: HPV vaccination and regular cervical screening can prevent most cervical cancers, and women with a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer may benefit from genetic counselling.